At the heart of Kashmir’s artistic legacy lies Naqashi, a traditional form of painting and decoration that exemplifies the region’s cultural richness and aesthetic sensibilities. Deriving its name from the Persian word for “decoration” or “painting,” Naqashi reflects the cultural fusion of Persian and Kashmiri influences. Passed down through generations, this art form involves intricate handcrafting and detailed brushwork that celebrates nature, regional customs, and traditional design.

A prominent craft that evolved from Naqashi is Kashmiri Papier Mâché, an enduring art form that originated in the Kashmir Valley. Introduced from Persia and nurtured under the Mughal Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries, this craft has become a defining element of Kashmiri artistic heritage. With a history spanning over six centuries, Papier Mâché remains a testament to skilled craftsmanship and artistic devotion.

Each item is carefully handmade using a mixture of paper pulp, natural adhesives, and organic materials. Once moulded, the surfaces are painted with floral patterns, Mughal-inspired motifs, and other traditional Kashmiri designs, lending elegance and cultural depth to every creation.

Techniques of Craftsmanship

Material Preparation: Recycled paper is soaked for several days before being beaten into pulp. A natural adhesive made from rice or wheat flour is added to form a workable mixture.

Moulding and Shaping: The pulp is applied over carved wooden, stone, or metal moulds, depending on the object’s size. Once dried, the mould is removed, leaving a hollow structure ready for finishing.

Surface Finishing: The surface is smoothed using a mixture of glue and chalk or gypsum. After drying, artisans polish it with baked clay or smooth stones to create an even base for painting.

Painting: Skilled artisans, known as Naqash, decorate the surface with traditional designs using fine brushes, often made from goat or sheep hair. This intricate process may take weeks or even months. The use of natural dyes and 24-carat gold leaf adds further distinction, while artisans expertly apply subtle gradations of colour with fine brushes—often made from animal hair—to enhance the visual richness of each design. The final piece is coated with lacquer, resulting in a polished, durable finish.

Varnishing: The final step involves applying a protective lacquer, enhancing both durability and shine.

Signature Patterns

Floral Motifs: Roses, tulips, and lilies, reminiscent of Mughal gardens, are among the most common and beloved designs.

Chinar Leaves: Symbolic of Kashmir, the chinar leaf—similar to the maple—is often depicted in its brilliant autumn hues.

Geometric Patterns: Influenced by Islamic art, these detailed designs add depth and symmetry.

Jungle Theme (Jangal): Representations of forests filled with foliage, animals, and blossoms.

Hazara Pattern: Comprising thousands of small dots, sometimes interspersed with fine floral or animal elements.

Calligraphy: Decorative inscriptions often convey spiritual or poetic messages.

Narrative Art: Some pieces illustrate stories from epics, folklore, or historical events, blending visual beauty with storytelling.

Beyond its visual appeal, Kashmiri Papier Mâché reflects a commitment to sustainability. Using recycled materials and eco-friendly components such as vegetable dyes and non-toxic finishes, the craft underscores an environmentally conscious approach rooted in tradition.

Each creation is a tribute to Kashmir’s heritage—a harmonious blend of tradition, skill, and artistic expression.  These works stand as enduring examples of artistic excellence and the fine craftsmanship of Kashmiri artisans who have safeguarded this tradition through generations.